有人觉得权力本身是具有引诱力的,人有“权力的饥饿”。这种看法忽略了权力的工具性。人也许因为某种心理变态可能发生单纯的支配欲或所谓 Sadism (残酷的嗜好),但这究竟不是正常。人们喜欢的是从权力得到的利益。如果握在手上的权力并不能得到利益,或是利益可以不必握有权力也能得到的话,权力引诱也就不会太强烈。譬如英国有一次民意测验,愿意自己孩子将来做议员或做阁员的人的比例很低。在英国做议员或做阁员的人薪水虽低,还是有着社会荣誉的报酬,大多数的人对此尚且并无急于攀登之意,如果连荣誉都不给的话,使用权力的人真成为公仆时,恐怕世界上许由、务光之类的人物也将不足为奇了。
权力之所以引诱人,最主要的应当是经济利益。在同意权力下,握有权力者并不是为了要保障自身特殊的利益,所以社会上必须用荣誉和高薪来延揽。至于横暴权力和经济利益的关系就更为密切了。统治者要用暴力来维持他们的地位不能是没有目的的,而所具的目的也很难想象不是经济的。我们很可以反过来说,如果没有经济利益可得,横暴权力也没有多大的意义,因之也不易发生。(470个字)
Some people think that power itself is the temptation, that human beings are intrinsically “power hungry.” This view overlooks the fact that power is a tool. Although those who hold power may sometimes be driven by a pure desire to dominate or by sadistic psychological perversions, these situations are, after all, abnormal. What people love most are the benefits that flow from power. If power did not bring benefits or if those benefits could be obtained without holding power, the temptation of power would not be so strong. For instance, an opinion poll in England shows that only a small percentage of the people want their children to become members of Parliament or the Cabinet. People in both positions in England have low salaries even though they do obtain many social rewards. Most people are not in a hurry to get those kinds of lofty positions.
The main temptation of power is to gain economic advantage. From a consensus perspective, people in power do not hold power because they want to protect their own special interests Instead, they hold power because society needs to reward them with prestige and high pay in order to solicit their services. From a perspective of dictatorial power, however, the relation between power and economic advantage is more direct: Rulers use force to maintain their positions, and one of their reasons for doing so is certainly to gain economic advantages. Conversely, without the likelihood of economic advantage, dictatorial power would have little meaning, and therefore would be less likely to occur.
原文及作者简介
费孝通( 1910.11.2-2005.4.24),江苏吴江人 ,著名社会学家、人类学家、民族学家、社会活动家,中国社会学和人类学的奠基人之一,第七、八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会副委员长,中国人民政治协商会议第六届全国委员会副主席。费孝通从事社会学、人类学研究,写下了数百万字的著作。费孝通在其导师马林诺夫斯基指导下完成了博士论文《江村经济》,该书被誉为人类学实地调查和理论工作发展中的一个里程碑,成为国际人类学界的经典之作。
这书出版是在1947 年由三联书店出版。这本书作为一件反映解放前夕一些年轻人在知识领域里猛闯猛攻的标本,对现在倒另有一番新的意义。这本书内容所提出的论点,还是认为值得有人深入研究的。这本小册子不是一个具体社会的描写,而是从具体社会里提炼出的一些概念。这里讲的乡土中国,并不是具体的中国社会的素描,而是包含在具体的中国基层传统社会里的一种特具的体系,支配着社会生活的各个方面。它并不排斥其他体系同样影响着中国的社会,那些影响同样可以在中国的基层社会里发生作用。搞清楚我所谓乡土社会这个概念,就可以帮助我们去理解具体的中国社会。概念在这个意义上,是我们认识事物的工具。
难点解析
有人觉得权力本身是具有引诱力的,人有“权力的饥饿”。这种看法忽略了权力的工具性。
Some people think that power itself is the temptation, that human beings are intrinsically “power hungry.” This view overlooks the fact that power is a tool.
“权力的饥饿”,“power hungry”,同学们普遍译为“hungry for power”也可以。参考译文中增添了intrinsically,这是增添了对原文的理解,强调人性的本质,起了一个画龙点睛的作用。
如:Sometimes I wonder if people are intrinsically evil.
有时我怀疑人是否生来就是邪恶的。
人也许因为某种心理变态可能发生单纯的支配欲或所谓 Sadism (残酷的嗜好),但这究竟不是正常。
译文中增添了“those who hold power”,这是对“人”的解释。强调这是一些有权利的人才会发生心理变态。
所谓 Sadism (残酷的嗜好),译为“by sadistic psychological perversions” ,即虐待狂的心理变态。
恐怕世界上许由、务光之类的人物也将不足为奇了。
许由(约前2323年~前2244年),字武仲。许由是尧舜时代的贤人。是上古时代一位高尚清节之士。相传尧帝要把君位让给他,他推辞不受,逃于箕山下,农耕而食;尧帝又让他做九州长官,他到颍水边洗耳,表示不愿听到这些世俗浊言。后世把许由和与他同时代的隐士巢父,并称为巢由或巢许,用以指代隐居不仕者。尧、舜禅让的故事,作为民主思想的最早典范,成为千古美谈,许由也因此成为古代隐士中最早名声显赫的一位。
务光古代隐士。根据《庄子·让王》的记载,汤伐桀前,曾请务光出谋划策,但是务光认为这不是他应该做的事,拒绝参与。汤请他推荐其他人,他也拒绝回答。汤建立商朝后,想让位给务光,务光认为非其义者,不受其禄;无道之世,不践其土,不但推辞不受,并且因为觉得羞耻,负石而自沉于庐水。
对于这两位高风亮节的先人,对后代人,鲜为人知,所以翻译时没有保留原有文化,而是采取意译,
Most people are not in a hurry to get those kinds of lofty positions.
Most people直接与上文中的一些现象中的人物,同时点题 “power hungry”,也是一种非常清楚的表达方式。这个句子同学们也有两种翻译方法,直译如下:
…it will not be surprising to see figures like Xu Yu and Wu Guang in the world.
如果直译,能够增添一些解释可能更好。
1) …it’s quite normal that there were some people in the ancient China who were not hungry for official power like Xu You and Wu Guang.
2) …it will not be surprised to know the famous figures in the ancient China like Xu Yu and Wu Guang who reflected the light of humanity's own sharp sense of integrity.
(评述人:张映先)